When choosing materials for vacuum systems, it’s crucial to minimize gas loads while ensuring the material’s strength. Stainless steel and aluminum are common choices, with stainless steel often preferred for its lower outgassing rates. It’s important to consider factors like surface finish, outgassing, and permeation, and to avoid materials that might release gases under vacuum. Proper selection of sealing materials is also essential to maintain vacuum integrity.
Showing definitions and applications, electrons, and oxidation states. Visualize trends, 3D orbitals, isotopes, and mix compounds
What can Lanthanides be used for?
Lanthanides have various uses, such as serving as catalysts in the production of petroleum and synthetic products. Additionally, Thoria and Ceria are utilized in lamps, magnets, lasers, motion picture projectors, and X-ray intensify screens. Furthermore, alloys of Lanthanides are employed in instrumental steels, stainless steel, and heat resistance. Many of these applications involve high vacuum technology in the process.
Shows the assembly and individual components of a high vacuum turbopump.
Where are Turbopumps used?
Turbopumps are utilized in various industries and applications that demand high vacuum environments. These include analytical applications such as mass spectrometry and electron microscopy, illuminant industry for lamp production, optical and glass industry for heat protection and coatings, research facilities for elementary-particle physics and laser applications, as well as thin film deposition and semiconductor manufacturing and numerous others.
Introduction to vacuum techniques, detailing the operational ranges and mechanisms of various vacuum pumps including mechanical, turbo-molecular, cryo, sorption, and sputter ion pumps. It also covers vacuum chambers and the operation principles of different gauges such as Pirani, thermocouple, hot filament ion, and Penning cold cathode gauges.
Ferrofluidic seals, also known as magnetic liquid rotary seals, are implemented in rotating machinery to facilitate rotary movement while upholding a leak tight seal through the utilization of a physical barrier in the shape of a ferrofluid. This ferrofluid is held in position with the aid of a permanent magnet. Since their inception in the 1970s, these seals have been utilized in specific fields like computer disc drives, semiconductor, vacuum technology applications, and nuclear systems.
A virtual leak is a pocket of gas physically trapped within the weld with only a small, very low conductance, path from which to evacuate. Learn about common examples of virtual leaks and what causes them.
Across various industries, vacuum purging is used to remove volatile substances/chemicals from the test item at low temperatures first before heating. Under vacuum, butane, propane, and other solvents convert into a gaseous form and evaporate, also known as “outgassing.” Vacuum purging works by lowering the atmospheric pressure in a vacuum oven chamber. Atmospheric pressure prevents “outgassing” from the surface area of the test specimen.
Metals the most prevalent choice of vacuum chamber materials, with stainless steel (SS) far ahead of other metals such as mild steel. For example, deciding to use SS doesn’t mean any and all SS alloys. Free-machining alloys such as 303 SS contain sulfur (S), but the vapor pressure of the sulfur (S) is too high for high vacuum systems. 304 SS, though, is the most common choice. This helps narrow things down, but for ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) the low-carbon 304L alloy is recommended.
Historically, the following three factors have made stainless steel the preferred material for the manufacture of vacuum chambers.
